national plan of action for basic and non formal education

We expect that 25 years from now, the use of racial preferences will no longer be necessary to further the interest approved today. Writing for the majority in Grutter, Associate Justice Sandra Day O'Connor noted that “race unfortunately still matters.” Yet she stated that “race-conscious admissions policies must be limited in time.” In her much-discussed phrasing, Justice O'Connor wrote: It has been 25 years since Justice Powell first approved the use of race to further an interest in student body diversity in the context of public higher education. The Court thus clarified that race-sensitive admissions policies could be permissible, but would be carefully scrutinized by the courts. Bollinger a majority of the Court rejected the University's undergraduate admissions process as numbersdriven and mechanistic. The Court found that the law school's admissions policies, which relied on subjective evaluation, were holistic and satisfied the “narrow tailoring” prong of the law. Bollinger, a majority of the Supreme Court accepted the University of Michigan's argument that student body diversity was a compelling interest under the equal protection clause, and thus justified the limited use of race-sensitive admissions policies. This procedure in university admissions has not yet been challenged in South Africa's Constitutional Court. In an effort to overcome the legacy of apartheid, that country, too, has considered race in determining access to higher education. In 1990, the South African government released Nelson Mandela from prison, marking a new stage in the country's transformation. These cases raised the issue of affirmative action in university admissions for the first time at the Supreme Court level since University of California Regents v.

Preface In 2003, the United States Supreme Court heard two cases in which white plaintiffs sued the University of Michigan, arguing that the University's admissions policies violated the Constitution by considering the race and ethnicity of applicants among other factors.

National plan of action for basic and non formal education